330 research outputs found
Overconfidence and Managers’ Responsibility Hoarding
Overconfidence is a well-established behavioral phenomenon that involves an overestimation of own capabilities. We introduce a model, in which managers and agents exert effort in a joint production, after the manager decides on the allocation of the tasks. A rational manager tends to delegate the critical task to the agent more often than given by the efficient task allocation. In contrast, an overconfident manager is more likely to hoard responsibility, i.e. to delegate the critical task less often than a rational manager. In fact, a manager with a sufficiently high ability and a moderate degree of overconfidence increases the total welfare by hoarding responsibility and exerting more effort than a rational manager. Finally, we derive the conditions under which responsibility hoarding can persist in an organization, showing that the bias survives as long as the overconfident manager can rationalize the observed output by underestimating the ability of the agent
Inequity Aversion, Overconfidence, and Group Performance
This thesis theoretically investigates the impact of inequity aversion and overconfidence on group performance. The studies presented concentrate on two main topics: First, we investigate the private provision of public goods when agents are motivated by fairness concerns in terms of inequity aversion. Second, we study the consequences of overly optimistic self-perception for the allocation of tasks and the incentives for cooperation in teams. All studies are common regarding three features: First, they all focus on situations in which economically efficient effort choices and contribution levels are not contracted such that incentives for free-riding behavior may exist. Second, both in the public goods and in the team production settings the group outcome is always fully and equally shared by all group members. Finally, both inequity aversion and overconfidence can help to mitigate the negative impact of the free-rider problem leading to more efficient outcomes, even without having to implement the optimal incentive contracts
Overconfidence and Managers’ Responsibility Hoarding
Overconfidence is a well-established behavioral phenomenon that involves an overestimation of own capabilities. We introduce a model, in which managers and agents exert effort in a joint production, after the manager decides on the allocation of the tasks. A rational manager tends to delegate the critical task to the agent more often than given by the efficient task allocation. In contrast, an overconfident manager is more likely to hoard responsibility, i.e. to delegate the critical task less often than a rational manager. In fact, a manager with a sufficiently high ability and a moderate degree of overconfidence increases the total welfare by hoarding responsibility and exerting more effort than a rational manager. Finally, we derive the conditions under which responsibility hoarding can persist in an organization, showing that the bias survives as long as the overconfident manager can rationalize the observed output by underestimating the ability of the agent.organizational behavior; management performance; bounded rationality; behavioral bias
Inequality, Inequity Aversion, and the Provision of Public Goods
We investigate the effects of inequality in wealth on the incentives to contribute to a public good when agents are inequity averse and may differ in ability. We show that equality may lead to a reduction of public good provision below levels generated by purely selfish agents. But introducing inequality motivates more productive agents to exert higher efforts and help the group to coordinate on equilibria with less free-riding. As a result, less able agents may benefit from initially disadvantageous inequality. Moreover, the more inequity averse the agents, the more inequality should be imposed even by an egalitarian social planner.public goods, inequality, inequity aversion, social welfare, voluntary provision, income distribution, heterogeneity
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Odorant Inhibition in Mosquito Olfaction.
How chemical signals are integrated at the peripheral sensory system of insects is still an enigma. Here we show that when coexpressed with Orco in Xenopus oocytes, an odorant receptor from the southern house mosquito, CquiOR32, generated inward (regular) currents when challenged with cyclohexanone and methyl salicylate, whereas eucalyptol and fenchone elicited inhibitory (upward) currents. Responses of CquiOR32-CquiOrco-expressing oocytes to odorants were reduced in a dose-dependent fashion by coapplication of inhibitors. This intrareceptor inhibition was also manifested in vivo in fruit flies expressing the mosquito receptor CquiOR32, as well in neurons on the antennae of the southern house mosquito. Likewise, an orthologue from the yellow fever mosquito, AaegOR71, showed intrareceptor inhibition in the Xenopus oocyte recording system and corresponding inhibition in antennal neurons. Inhibition was also manifested in mosquito behavior. Blood-seeking females were repelled by methyl salicylate, but repellence was significantly reduced when methyl salicylate was coapplied with eucalyptol
Novel composite meshes to evaluate their structural property and in vivo biocompatibility for tissue repair
404-410Composite meshes of different types have been prepared and used for tissue repair in pelvic floor disorder. An interlocking texture mesh (inter-mesh) and a membrane coated mesh (electro-mesh) have been used based on their structural property and biocompatibility. The proportion of degradation material in inter-mesh (69.6%) is found extremely higher than that of electro-mesh (3.22%), thus leading to higher product weight (65.50±2.31 g/m2) and thickness (0.500±0.025 mm). After 4 weeks of implantation in animal experiment, inter-mesh with surrounding tissues is observed to have higher breaking strength in tensile behavoir and better flexibility. Tissues on inter-mesh are found to grow faster with larger thickness (0.76±0.033 mm). The surface area loss of inter-mesh (2.49±0.25%) is much less than that of electro-mesh (7.49±0.63 %) within the first 2 weeks of implantation. However, the material’s degradation is accelerated after 2 weeks, leading to a higher shrinkage of 13.12±1.48 %
Visual Privacy Protection Based on Type-I Adversarial Attack
With the development of online artificial intelligence systems, many deep
neural networks (DNNs) have been deployed in cloud environments. In practical
applications, developers or users need to provide their private data to DNNs,
such as faces. However, data transmitted and stored in the cloud is insecure
and at risk of privacy leakage. In this work, inspired by Type-I adversarial
attack, we propose an adversarial attack-based method to protect visual privacy
of data. Specifically, the method encrypts the visual information of private
data while maintaining them correctly predicted by DNNs, without modifying the
model parameters. The empirical results on face recognition tasks show that the
proposed method can deeply hide the visual information in face images and
hardly affect the accuracy of the recognition models. In addition, we further
extend the method to classification tasks and also achieve state-of-the-art
performance
Fine-grained Text and Image Guided Point Cloud Completion with CLIP Model
This paper focuses on the recently popular task of point cloud completion
guided by multimodal information. Although existing methods have achieved
excellent performance by fusing auxiliary images, there are still some
deficiencies, including the poor generalization ability of the model and
insufficient fine-grained semantic information for extracted features. In this
work, we propose a novel multimodal fusion network for point cloud completion,
which can simultaneously fuse visual and textual information to predict the
semantic and geometric characteristics of incomplete shapes effectively.
Specifically, to overcome the lack of prior information caused by the
small-scale dataset, we employ a pre-trained vision-language model that is
trained with a large amount of image-text pairs. Therefore, the textual and
visual encoders of this large-scale model have stronger generalization ability.
Then, we propose a multi-stage feature fusion strategy to fuse the textual and
visual features into the backbone network progressively. Meanwhile, to further
explore the effectiveness of fine-grained text descriptions for point cloud
completion, we also build a text corpus with fine-grained descriptions, which
can provide richer geometric details for 3D shapes. The rich text descriptions
can be used for training and evaluating our network. Extensive quantitative and
qualitative experiments demonstrate the superior performance of our method
compared to state-of-the-art point cloud completion networks
Novel composite meshes to evaluate their structural property and in vivo biocompatibility for tissue repair
Composite meshes of different types have been prepared and used for tissue repair in pelvic floor disorder. An interlocking texture mesh (inter-mesh) and a membrane coated mesh (electro-mesh) have been used based on their structural property and biocompatibility. The proportion of degradation material in inter-mesh (69.6%) is found extremely higher than that of electro-mesh (3.22%), thus leading to higher product weight (65.50±2.31 g/m2) and thickness (0.500±0.025 mm). After 4 weeks of implantation in animal experiment, inter-mesh with surrounding tissues is observed to have higher breaking strength in tensile behavoir and better flexibility. Tissues on inter-mesh are found to grow faster with larger thickness (0.76±0.033 mm). The surface area loss of inter-mesh (2.49±0.25%) is much less than that of electro-mesh (7.49±0.63 %) within the first 2 weeks of implantation. However, the material’s degradation is accelerated after 2 weeks, leading to a higher shrinkage of 13.12±1.48 %
Gradient constrained sharpness-aware prompt learning for vision-language models
This paper targets a novel trade-off problem in generalizable prompt learning
for vision-language models (VLM), i.e., improving the performance on unseen
classes while maintaining the performance on seen classes. Comparing with
existing generalizable methods that neglect the seen classes degradation, the
setting of this problem is more strict and fits more closely with practical
applications. To solve this problem, we start from the optimization
perspective, and leverage the relationship between loss landscape geometry and
model generalization ability. By analyzing the loss landscapes of the
state-of-the-art method and vanilla Sharpness-aware Minimization (SAM) based
method, we conclude that the trade-off performance correlates to both loss
value and loss sharpness, while each of them is indispensable. However, we find
the optimizing gradient of existing methods cannot maintain high relevance to
both loss value and loss sharpness during optimization, which severely affects
their trade-off performance. To this end, we propose a novel SAM-based method
for prompt learning, denoted as Gradient Constrained Sharpness-aware Context
Optimization (GCSCoOp), to dynamically constrain the optimizing gradient, thus
achieving above two-fold optimization objective simultaneously. Extensive
experiments verify the effectiveness of GCSCoOp in the trade-off problem.Comment: 19 pages 11 figure
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